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2012年8月5日 星期日

A Short History of Alzheimer's Disease


Alzheimer's disease is named after the German psychologist Alois Alzheimer's. Whilst it is presented as a twentieth century disease, the brain degeneration, cognitive impairment and disturbing behavioral and psychiatric problems which characterize the disease have most likely been around for centuries.

While Dr. Alzheimer's is the disease's namesake, Alzheimer's colleague Emil Kraepelin played an equally important role in the identification of the disease. Kraepelin isolated and grouped together the symptoms of the disorder, suggesting they were a unique disease process, while Alzheimer was the first to understand what was actually happening in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. He discovered unusual plaques and tangles in the brain of one of his patients, a fifty year old woman, who exhibited the symptoms of the disorder identified by Kraepelin.

After Kraepelin and Alzheimer's identification of the disease in the early twentieth century, Alzheimer's disease history shows that not many advances were made in understanding or treating the disease. This could have been due to the fact that the disease could only be diagnosed after a patient's death: at the autopsy, until the end of the twentieth century.

Initially, the disease was diagnosed in patients between the ages of 45 and 65 and labeled as "presenile dementia." The name Alzheimer's disease only gained popularity in the 70s and 80s as a label for patients over the age of 65. Now the disease has recognizable and diagnosable symptoms, which can appear in patients as young as 30. Typically, an aggressive type of Alzheimer's disease that occurs in patients under the age of 65 has a known genetic factor, while the appearance of the disease in patients over 65 has a number of other factors in regards to its development, such as health, occupation, and environment.

Recent advances in science and technology have led to a promising new era in Alzheimer's disease history. Cognex, the first FDA-approved drug used to slow the disease process, hit the markets in 1990, and three others soon followed. The medications slow-down the cognitive impairment in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease by boosting depleted levels of acetylcholine in the brain. These are crucial to the healthy functioning of neurons.

Other research is being done on ways to prevent Alzheimer's from developing further, and even preventing its onset. Certain hormones such as estrogen and anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin have been found to have a mediating effect, and environmental factors, such as mentally demanding occupations, dance, and chess have been found to decrease older people's chances of developing Alzheimer's. Even something as simple as wearing a seatbelt or helmet could be crucial to preventing Alzheimer's disease.

Early detection techniques are being honed to improve treatment of the disease. For example, genetic research has discovered genetic markers for Familial (as in coming from the family: genetic) Alzheimer's disease as well as non-familial Alzheimer's. In addition, advanced technology, such as MRIs and PET scans, are being used to detect structural changes in the brain that may indicate the development of Alzheimer's disease before symptoms even begin. As the Baby Boomer generation begins to age, scientists fear the strain a large number of dementia patients could place upon the healthcare and social welfare systems; therefore, researchers are scrambling to make Alzheimer's disease history.




Joe Green is webmaster at [http://Good-Health-Matters.com] where he is bringing together many resources to help people caring for those with different diseases including Alzheimer’s Disease.

© 2006 All rights worldwide reserved. This article can be published on the internet if it and the resource box is left intact





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2012年7月10日 星期二

Treatment Of Ischemic Heart Disease


Two of the most common indications of cardiovascular disease are angina pectoris (chest pain) and myocardial infarction (heart attack). The pain felt in angina pectoris occurs because blocked arteries prevent an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients from reaching the heart. The main causes of stable angina are:increased physical effort, emotional stress, exposure to secondhand smoke, or even by certain meals or weather changes. Unstable angina can occur during rest or even while sleeping and is often considered to be an intermediate condition between stable angina and a full blown heart attack. Angina is treated medically with nitroglycerin, beta- blockers or calcium entry blockers.

It seems that cardiovascular disease doesn't appear at other mammals. Scientists think that the cause is our inability to produce vitamin C. The lack of vitamin C is an important factor of risk of heart disease. Vitamin C helps to strengthen the artery walls by building up their collagen content.

There are two types of treatment of cardiovascular disease:

~conventional treatment,which employs surgery and drugs to treat the symptoms of cardiovascular disease but rarely gets to the root cause of the disease;

~alternative treatment,which bolsters the body's innate healing powers and focus on removing the cause of the disease rather than on treating its symptoms.

The most useful non-invasive tests for diagnosing early heart disease are:

~Electrocardiogram taken while resting and during exercise,which measures electrical activity of the heart;

~ Radioisotope studies,which are very useful in spotting inadequate blood flow in and around the heart;

~ Echocardiography,which is used for evaluating the heart's performance;

~Other non-invasive procedures include positron emission tomography (PET scanning), CT scanning, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

The alternative treatment aim at containing and reversing the underlying cause of cardiovascular disease. It's easier to prevent than to treat. Diet and lifestyle changes are perhaps the most important tools in the natural treatment of cardiovascular disease.Doctors recommend a diet devoid of animal products (except egg whites and nonfat dairy products) and very low in fats and cholesterol,giving up smoking and a program of moderate exercise.




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2012年7月8日 星期日

Hodgkin's Disease


Lymphoma, better known as Hodgkin's Disease, is a condition characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. In addition to Hodgkin's, there are many other lymphoma diseases which are known as Non-Hodkin's lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma incidences become more and more common with age, whereas Hodkin's lymphoma is common between ages 16 and 35, and over 50.

The most common sign of Hodgkin's lymphoma is swollon lymph nodes, mainly in the neck. This is not painful, however some of the other expected symptoms are. These other symptoms are unexplained weight loss, constant fatigue, itchy skin, low grade fevers, and night sweats. As these are common symptoms of any infection, the only accurate diagnosis is through lymph node biopsy and blood testing.

Unlike Hodgkin's lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of cancer. In the united states, 5% of cancer victims are due to Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Signs of this disease are similar to that of Hodgkin's, with a few differences. As well as in the neck, swollon lymph nodes are common in the underarm and groin. And in addition to itchy skin, patients will notice unexplained red patches.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma must be tested for as well, using things such as X-rays, MRI's, CT scans, PET scans, and Lymphangiogram, which are pictures of the lymphatic system taken with x-rays after a dye is injected to differentiate the lymph nodes and vessels. These tests are due to the simple fact that the symptoms are common in many other, less critical, conditions.




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2012年6月24日 星期日

Alzheimer's Disease Today


Alzheimer's Disease is the most common form of dementia in the world today. It is an incurable disease that is degenerative and terminal. The majority of people diagnosed with the disease are over the age of 65. Over 26 million people have been affected by the disease since it was discovered by Alois Alzheimer in 1901. Every case of Alzheimer's is the same for each patient. There are common symptoms involved but each person has a different experience of the disease. Alzheimer's isn't just a burden on the patient but also on the primary caretaker; which is usually a loved one or close relative.

Most Alzheimer's patients are diagnosed with the disease after a series of cognitive tests, behavioral assessments and a brain scan. Early symptoms of the disease include memory loss, confusion, irritability, aggression, mood swings, language problems, long-term memory loss and the depletion of the senses. The majority of patient live for roughly seven years after being diagnosed and only a handful live for 14 years following diagnosis.

There is no cure for Alzheimer's Disease; nor any known prevention. Most doctors recommend a healthy diet, exercise and brain stimulation to help keep the mind and body sharp whether with or without the disease. There are four stages of Alzheimer's; Predementia, Early Dementia, Moderate Dementia and Advanced Dementia. As the disease progresses through these stages the patient develops incontinence and the inability to feed themselves.

The caregiver for an Alzheimer's patient should be a strong-willed person that can handle almost anything. Alzheimer patients, as mentioned earlier, can develop forms of aggression and terrible mood swings. The caregiver has to be prepared for these changes in attitude at a moment's notice. As the disease progresses to the most devastating stages, the caregiver's role is to make the patient as comfortable as possible, which is the most difficult thing to do.

Diagnosis of the disease comes about through various brain tests such as a CT scan, a PET scan, a SPECT scan or an MRI. All off these tests, combined with cognitive ability tests, help to rule out any other possible cerebral problems that could signal another disease other than Alzheimer's. Once diagnosed, the only way to move forward is with care and any medication the doctor can provide to alleviate some of the most painful symptoms.

Some scientific studies over the past decade have come up with a few different ways to help prevent Alzheimer's or at least the quick advancement of the disease. A diet laden with B12, B3, C, folic acid, cereal, wheat, bread, olive oil, fish and red wine could all be factors in helping to prevent this debilitating disease. The largest number of diagnosed Alzheimer's patients comes from after the age of 90. That number is 69,000 new cases per year. The lowest number of new cases per year is from the 65-69 year old range at 3,000 new cases diagnosed per year. Alzheimer's cannot be cured, it cannot be fully prevented but patients can have some of the symptoms alleviated with medicine and the proper care.




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2012年6月22日 星期五

Alzheimer's Disease


Alzheimer’s disease is the most usual form of dementia. Not remembering why you got up to go to another room, or forgetting where you put your phone may be early signs of Alzheimer’s disease. Because Alzheimer’s is a progressive disease it slowly damages an individual’s ability to function on a day to day basis. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s are: memory deficits, inability to learn new information, ineffective judgment and reasoning skills, and unproductive communication.

Because of its widespread prevalence, there are numerous websites and resources offering information. It is projected that Alzheimer’s affects approximately 4.9 million people 65 years and older, in the United States, and another estimated 200,000 to 500,000 persons below the age of 65.

The progressive nature of this disorder results in deterioration of behavior and personality as evidenced by increased agitation, paranoia, delusions, and hallucinations. The rate of decline varies greatly from individual to individual but eventually complete care will be needed. If there is no significant illness such as pneumonia or the flu, loss of brain function will be the cause of death.

Although Alzheimer’s is the most common form of dementia, there are other types of dementia complicating diagnosis to some extent. Some other types of dementias include: vascular dementia, Pick’s disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or CJD, and Huntington's disease. It is important to ensure as good an outcome as possible, that early identification and diagnosis made as soon as possible because there are multiple drugs and treatments that can help lessen the effects of the disease.

Something that is not well known about Alzheimer’s is that the brain deterioration, that is the crux of the disease, may occurring anywhere from 10 to 20 years before there are obvious signs and symptoms. Research has identified that there are three distinct stages to the disease: mild, moderate, and severe with each stage are defined by the severity of the behaviors and the compromised functioning the individual is exhibiting.

The symptoms of mild Alzheimer’s are often confused with the normal changes that occur with the aging process. In the mild stage of the disease an individual looks and feel healthy but in reality they do have difficulty making sense of their world. Individual more than likely are aware of these difficulties but do not share this with others. Symptoms may include: inability to learn new information, memory difficulties, issues managing activities, depression, and becoming disoriented and getting lost going to known place. At the moderate stage of the disease the brain has become more damaged because more areas are affected. Symptoms become more obvious and behavior issues become more difficult to manage. Symptoms may include: forgetting old information, constant repetition of stories or asking the same question, increased difficulty in completing tasks such as following written instruction and using the bathroom. Behavioral issues may arise including agitation, wandering, suspiciousness, impaired reasoning, and little concern for appearance and hygiene. In the advanced or severe stage, the damage to the brain has become extensive. Full-time care is most often necessary. The individual may not be able to walk or may walk with difficulty. There is a significant risk of complications such as pneumonia. Symptoms may include: moaning, screaming, incoherent speech, refusal to eat, inability to recognize familiar people or faces, and inability to take care of self.

Diagnosing Alzheimer’s can be accomplished by these conducting one or more of these assessment techniques: neuropsychological test battery, Functional Assessment Staging Scale (FAST), patient history, mental status, physical examination, chest X-ray, laboratory tests, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan, ingle Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Scan, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Imaging (MRSI), Computed Tomography (CT or CAT) scan, Electroencephalography (EEG), and Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG).

There is not a cure for Alzheimer’s but there are a number of drugs that have been shown to be effective in reducing the signs and symptoms such as: tacrine, donepezil, riastigmine, galantamine, and namenda. Since behavior issues are a prominent part of Alzheimer’s profile, there are also a number of medications that may help such as major and minor tranquilizers and mood stabilizers. Cognitive treatments for behaviors may also be useful.

Alzheimer’s may be a disease that affects an individual has but it has a significant impact on families and caregivers. Working with a patient with Alzheimer’s requires caring for the families and caregivers too. Because the course of the disease can range from 3 to 20 years caregivers may be stretched to be able to meet the significant needs of the patient.

In summary, Alzheimer’s is a devastating disease that destroys a person’s ability to think, talk, and live independently. The progression of the disease can take up to 20 years which has significant implications for caregivers. Medications is available that reduces the symptoms but there is not a cure for Alzheimer’s.




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2012年5月2日 星期三

Diagnosing Pleural Mesothelioma - A Malignant Disease!


Similar with other types of lung cancer, diagnosing pleural mesothelioma is such a complex job for doctors since symptoms do not usually take place for some time after primary asbestos exposure. Furthermore, since the indications of malignant pleural mesothelioma are distinctive to many ailments, in the premature stages of the cancer, the symptoms are frequently mistaken for less aggressive diseases such as pneumonia and influenza.

Diagnosing pleural mesothelioma is made partially on the origin of the symptoms but additional diagnostic tests are needed to confirm the presence of cancer. If the doctor suspects an asbestos-related disease, the next step for the diagnosis is testing to confirm the presence of this asbestos cancer, verify the location, size and type of the cancer involved, and to know whether the cancer has already spread to the other parts of the body.

Typical imaging tests involved are the:

* X- ray - most commonly used imaging test for the diagnosis of mesothelioma.

* Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan - it is an x-ray like procedure in which numerous x-ray pictures are taken and combined with a computer to create a thorough image of body tissues. When you undergo a CT scan, you may be given an injection of dye, which helps produce more concrete images. It may not only show the effusion but as well as the presence of pleural masses.

* Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan - this is a highly sensitive scanner that detects the metabolic signal of progressive cancer cells in the body and can help staging the cancer. Glucose solution is being controlled by an intravenous injection. Malignant cells get up and use sugars more quickly than normal cells, so they can be easily noted using the procedure.

* Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - is a combination of strong magnetic field and radio waves and is much more sensitive in determining chest wall invasion and the multiplication of the disease. It is also used to create detailed three-dimensional images that can be warily examined by a radiologist.

After diagnosing pleural mesothelioma, your physician will generally recommend an oncologist, a cancer specialist, who is well versed in treating the disease and who will help determine the best alternative for your mesothelioma treatment.




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2012年4月14日 星期六

Lung Cancer Symptoms - Disease and Treatment Options


The picture of lung disease is that of no hope. Lung cancer affects millions of Americans and others around the world. Understanding the symptoms, treatments, causes such as smoking, and signs will help to increase awareness of this debilitating lung disease. This section of the website is devoted to helping to promote awareness of this disease.

Just what is Lung cancer? It's a condition in which cancerous cells grow uncontrollably and reproduce cause devastating effects on the lungs. Healthy cells are replaced by abnormal cells that turn into tumors that destroy the lungs.

There are tow main types of lung disease. They are non-small cell which current accounts for 80% of diagnosed cases, and small cell making up the remaining 20%. Lung cancer usually always starts in just one lung. If left untreated, it can spread to other vital organs of the body as well such as the lymph nodes, the brain, bones, and liver just to name a few.

Although over eighty percent of patients develop lung disease due to smoking, this is not the all-inclusive cause. Studies have shown that many environmental factors influence the probability of contracting lung cancer. Such factors include environmental pollution, toxic gas emissions, and exposure to carcinogens such as in asbestos and other toxic inhalants.

Small cell is most often caused by smoking tobacco. The early symptoms and signs of this form of lung disease may show up as persistent coughing that gradually increases over time, sputum changes in color and quantity, excessive wheezing, loss of appetite and chronic fatigue. Other related symptoms could include rapid weight loss, unexplained back pain, and swelling in the face and neck.

Like all cancers, early detection is the key to increasing the survival rate. Doctors may use a variety of tests to diagnose cancer cells in the lungs. These include a physical examination accompanied with advanced image scanning of the chest and lungs.

The following tests may be used to diagnose lung cancer: CT scans (takes 2 dimensional x-ray pictures of the lungs), chest x-rays of the lung cavity, MRI or magnetic Resonance Imaging, PET scan or Positron Emission Tomography which uses cellular reactivity to sugar, and a biopsy which is removing part of the tissue for further microscopic examination.

Other no so intrusive tests may incorporate the use of a bronchoscop where the physician is able see the lungs and surrounding areas through a small hollow tube that magnifies the images, and sputum cytology - where a sample phlegm is taken and analyzed with a high powered microscope for abnormal cell growth and tissue.

Doctors have a variety of methods in lung caner treatment. They include the use of various conventional medical practices such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiological therapy. Once a diagnosis of confirmed, only then will your doctor design a treatment plan that will be most effective. This all depends on your current health, how advanced the cancer is, and on whether the cancer has mastasized.

The way to protect yourself is to increase your awareness by visiting information sites that contain pictures, photos, and new articles about this disease. Prevention is the key, and if you are beyond that, then early detection holds the greatest chance of your survival rate. Your may want to look into alternative treatments as well which will be available from this site with promising results.




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2012年1月10日 星期二

Vestibular Disease in Dogs and Cats


The vestibular system controls balance and prevents an animal from falling over. It does this by holding and constantly adjusting the position of the eyes, head and body in relation to gravity. When there is disease affecting this system, though it is seldom life threatening, the symptoms caused can be particularly distressing for a pet owner. Animals may tilt their head to one side, circle either clockwise or anticlockwise, fall over repeatedly, roll to one side, be generally wobbly and display abnormal pupil movement in their eyes. Here we look at the physiology of the vestibular system in dogs and cats, what can go wrong and how a good veterinarian will diagnose and treat it.

What exactly is the vestibular system?

The vestibular system is a sensory system consisting of a receptor organ within the inner ear, the vestibular nerve itself, and a balance control centre at the back of the brain. The receptor organ in the inner ear detects the position and movement of the head in space, both when the animal is resting or moving. Information on the position of the head is converted into electrical signals, which are transmitted via the vestibular nerve to the brain. The balance control centre in the brain then processed this information, and sends motor signals to the muscles controlling the positions of the eyes and limbs according to the movement of the head.

What is vestibular syndrome?

Vestibular syndrome is a general term describing disease of the vestibular system. The term alone does not provide any information on which part of the vestibular system is affected, and what the cause is.

What are the signs to look out for?

Animals with vestibular disease may display any or all of the following signs:

1. Head tilt

This is rotation of the head so that one ear is lower than the other. It occurs due to loss of antigravity muscle tone on one side of the neck.

2. Circling

Circling often occurs with vestibular disease, but can also occur with forebrain tumors. Generally, tight circles mean vestibular disease while wide circles mean a brain tumor.

3. Nystagmus (wandering pupils)

This means involuntary rhythmic movement of the eyeballs. The pupils tend to drift to one side (the slow phase) and then jerk back to the middle (the fast phase). Usually the slow phase is toward the diseased side.

4. Strabismus (squint)

This means abnormal position of the eyeballs, rather like the condition commonly known as a squint.

5. Ataxia (wobbliness)

This means walking in an uncoordinated fashion, and is seen with a wide range of diseases other than vestibular disease, such as those affecting the brain, spinal cord or peripheral nerves. Animals can adopt a broad based stance, exhibit swaying of the head, and leaning, falling and rolling to one side.

Peripheral vs Central Vestibular Disease

Vestibular disease is categorized as either peripheral or central, according to where in the system the disease originates from. Peripheral vestibular disease is where the disease is located in either the receptor organs in the inner ear or the vestibular nerve. Central vestibular disease is where the disease is located in the balance control centre in the brain (to be precise, either in the brainstem vestibular nuclei or in the cerebellum).

The first task for the veterinarian is to identify whether he/she is dealing with peripheral or central vestibular disease. This is done by looking carefully for all of the symptoms described above, and further characterizing them by direction and nature. It is beyond the remit of this article to go into the exact way of differentiating them clinically, and though it can usually be achieved by a competent vet by examination alone, sometimes further tests are necessary to do so.

Causes of peripheral vestibular syndrome


Middle or inner ear disease (infection or tumor)
Nasopharyngeal polyps
Head trauma
Drug toxicity (e.g. gentamycin)
Underactive thyroid gland
Congenital (present at birth)
Idiopathic (cause unidentifiable)

Causes of central vestibular syndrome


Brain hemorrhage or infarct
Infectious encephalitis (bacterial, viral or fungal)
Meningoencephalitis
Head trauma
Drug toxicity (e.g. metronidazole)
Brain cyst
Brain tumor (primary or metastatic)
Thiamine deficiency
Neurodegenerative disease

Making a diagnosis

First, the veterinarian must distinguish between peripheral and central disease based on clinical signs. If there is doubt, diagnostics for both should be done. If the veterinarian suspects central disease, he/she may choose to rule out peripheral disease with various tests first because the tests for central disease are expensive (e.g. MRI or CT scan).

The following procedure is what is most commonly done when looking for causes of peripheral vestibular disease. If drug toxicity has been ruled out (no metronidazole, aminoglycoside antibiotics or topical chlorhexidine recently) then the external ears are examined using an otoscope (illuminated and magnified inspection device with a rigid conical end which is inserted into the ear canal). Ear infections, tumors and polyps may be detected this way. Middle ear disease is suspected if the ear drum appears to be ruptured, bulging, cloudy or red in color. Thyroid levels are usually measured by a blood test at this stage to rule out hypothyroidism.

The next step of the investigation is taking xrays of the skull. Several views are required but the most important one is that which shows the tympanic bullae in the middle ears most clearly. This requires general anesthesia to allow correct positioning.

If the tests at this stage have all come back normal, many cases will be given a presumptive diagnosis of idiopathic vestibular syndrome. This is usually because a) it is by far the most likely diagnosis, and b) further specialized tests are costly. If however further tests are to be carried out, MRI or CT scanning, electromyography and nerve conduction studies are a possibility in some referral centers.




Dr Matthew Homfray is one of the veterinary pet experts at [http://www.whydoesmypet.com]. Our dedicated community of caring pet experts are waiting to offer you advice, second opinions and support.





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2012年1月4日 星期三

Radiology Helps Doctors to Detect the Disease


Doctors are helpful for the Radiology which provides 3-d and 4-d images of the body organ which is ill. Radiology is used for the diagnosis and the treatment of the body organ where the disease is. It provides the image of the human body parts inside the human body. It has a lot of imaging technologies. For example x-ray radiography, computed tomography, ultrasound, positron emission tomography, nuclear medicine etc.

It uses magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis or the treatment of the diseases. There is interventional radiology which has the performance of the medical system and it is minimally invasive. The task of achievement of the medical imaging is performed by the help of the radiographer. It is also done by the help of radiologic technologist. There are many imaging modalities which are used for the diagnostic radiology.

Actually radiographs are made by the transmission of the X-rays. The rays are captured on a device and then it is converted to the image for the purpose of the diagnosis. Impregnated films of the silver are produced by the original and the still and the common imaging. There is radiography of the film screen an x-tube is there. It produces x-ray beams which are targeted to the patient. The x-rays are filtered while passing through the patients. It reduces scatter and the noise and then it falls on a film which is undeveloped.

It can keep tight to a screen which contains phosphors. There are light emitting phosphors. It works on a cassette which is light-tight. The film is developed by a chemical reaction and an image is produced. Nowadays digital photography is there instead of film-screen radiography. X-rays falls on a sensors plate. It converts the signals which are produced in the digital information and it produces and image on the computer screen. In the first 50 years of the radiology plain radiology was there to make the images. It was the only mode in that time.




Lee Bond is a renowned radiology expert who has over 10 years of experience in the field, and another 10 as a regular surgeon.For more information, please visit Radiology.





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