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2012年7月10日 星期二

Alzheimer's Diagnostic Tools Used by Today's Doctors


There are many different Alzheimer's diagnostic tools used by today's doctors. Unfortunately, there is no one diagnostic tool available that will make an official diagnosis of this progressive based disease of the brain, but there are many tools that doctors may use in collaboration with one another in order to confirm a diagnosis.

Medical professionals actually use a large number of tests and tools in order to ensure that they are providing an accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. In most instances, an official diagnosis may be made and is up to 90% accurate based on the tools used to evaluate patients. In this guide, you will be introduced to a couple of these diagnostic devices and tests.

Mental Status Evaluation

One of the first diagnostic tools used is the evaluation of the patient's mental status. This tool consists of many different questions that a patient has to answer. It works to evaluate the memory retention of the patient, the level of concentration, and various cognitive skills such as learning, attention span, and overall perception.

Other areas that may be evaluated include the ability to make decisions, problem solving skills, and being able to plan effectively. The evaluator tallies up the score that the patient receives during the evaluation. If it is a high score, it typically indicates that the subject that is being tested has Alzheimer's disease.

Neurological Testing

Individuals that are suspected of having Alzheimer's will be issued various neurological tests. The results of these tests will determine if the candidate has this progressive disease of the brain. The movements are often evaluated, the overall sensory functioning, and the coordination is often evaluated. Other areas that are tested include the ability to walk correctly, the reflexes, and the functions of the nervous system are also evaluated.

In many cases, neurological tests include physical observations, imaging procedures such as a MRI, CT scan and even a PET scan. There are many different Alzheimer's diagnostic tools used by today's doctors to establish a confirmation in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.




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2012年3月9日 星期五

Tools and Programs Used by Sonographers


?The tools and programs used by sonographers are somewhat complex, and they can be very dangerous in the wrong hands because of the radiation that may be involved. This is why specialized training and certification is required before you can become a radiographer, sonographer or ultrasound technician. Students begin using these tools and programs while they are getting their education, and by the time they become certified and begin working in the field they should be more than prepared to handle them correctly with patients present.

Following are some of the most important tools and programs used by sonographers, radiographers or ultrasound technicians: ?????

1. X-Ray Machine: This machine produces images of structures within the body of a patient to diagnose illness and create treatment plans.

2. Contrast Media for X-rays: When medical professionals need to produce high contrast images of the details of viscera, they use these mediums.

3. Ultrasonography Machine: This machine also produces images of the inside of the body.

4. Computer Axial Tomography Scan (also known as a CT scan or CAT scan): This is another machine that creates visual images from inside the body, but unlike other machines it shows them in horizontal slices.

5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging machine (also known as MRI): These are stronger machines that are used when medical professionals need to excite protons to record results with the clearest images of particular tissues as possible.

6. Radio-Isotope Scan or Nuclear Scintigraphy: These radioactive compounds enter into specific tissues to help produce scan results for diagnoses.

7. Interventional Radiology: When medical professionals need to perform minimally invasive surgeries like angioplasty under radiological imaging, they use this method.

8. Echocardiography Machine: This tool helps to perform heart sonography when medical professionals need to understand the function of the patient's heart.

9. Linear Accelerator: These are used for radiotherapy of cancer patients by oncologists.

10. Positron Emission Tomography machine (aka PET scan): This is used in nuclear medicine to produce three-dimensional color images of body functional processes.

11. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging machine (aka FMRI): This machine is used for a specialized MRI.

12. Brachytherapy Apparatus: This apparatus dispenses medication from an implanted device, especially during cancer treatment.

13. SPECT Scan: Single photon emission computed tomography is an imaging technique that shows how blood flows to tissues and organs.

The tools and programs used by sonographers must be used properly to safely get the correct results - this is why such specialized training is required for this career.?




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2012年3月8日 星期四

Energy Medicine - Part 2 - Tools and Diagnostic Techniques That Measure Energy


Last week, we discussed energy sources in general terms, describing vibrational frequencies and the interactions between the currents of all kinds that flow around and through us. Today I want to propose some thoughts that may seem outlandish, but I'm going to try to explain in terms that will make the concepts more clear. Here's a revolutionary thought:

All healing takes place at the energy level.

Let's look at some commonly accepted energy tools that are in use today in the practice of medicine. Interestingly, a number of these have been in use for decades, and their reliability is unquestioned for diagnostic and healing purposes. But putting two and two together, we'll move on...

Years ago, a researcher discovered that the heart gives off electrical waves that can be measured. The healthy tissue in a patient gives off a very specific pattern. Stressed or dead tissue gives off a distinctly different pattern from the healthy tissue. The resultant recordings of those waves we know today as an electrocardiogram, or EKG. An EKC is a powerful diagnostic tool; it picks up the specific electrical changes in the heart's waves when anyone being tested is having a myocardial infarction (heart attack), or has had one in the past. 

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is capable of determining normal and abnormal brain waves, to the point that probable sources of seizures can be diagnosed because of abnormal electrical signals given off in the brain. We have also discovered and labeled different waves per second (delta waves) have a frequency of 1-3 waves per second, called Hertz or Hz, which is seen in people in deep sleep. Theta waves have a frequency of 4-7 Hz, which is seen in different stages of sleep, and with emotional stress. Alpha waves, at 8-14 Hz, are seen in the alert state. Finally, beta waves, 14-50 Hz, are present when there is intense mental activity. 

A magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, is a machine capable of interpreting normal and abnormal responses of tissue to magnetic energy, from which an image can be extracted. Spectroscopy is a laboratory diagnostic tool which can identify a specific substance based on the frequency that it gives off. This frequency is measured and placed on a graph. Every substance gives off a different frequency, which can be used to identify the substance.

Ultrasound is basically a tool where sound waves are released, and as they bounce off tissue and return, this feedback can be interpreted by a machine and create an image. There are PET scans, and SPECT scans, which can differentiate healthy tissue from diseased tissue by the energy characteristics that are given off. We have many other tools in medicine, including auditory-evoked response, visual-evoked response, myograms and oculograms, all of which tell us whether that particular tissue is normal or abnormal, based on its measurable electrical output. 

There are also many therapeutic tools or modalities in medicine. One of the first was pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy, which releases specific low frequency, electromagnetic pulses to stimulate bone healing in non-healing bone fractures. Lithotrypsy has laser focused frequencies that are capable of breaking down kidney stones. Many of us have heard of or used light therapy for depression, called seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Acupuncture is recognized within the medical field for its effectiveness in pain relief, which is based on centuries' old energy flow lines called meridians that flow throughout the body. There are also cold and hot laser therapy, which have been used in the healing of wounds and skin disorders. 

Outside of the medical field are many energy and electrical devices that are in common use. For instance, the computer chip in your computers, or the remote controls that send frequencies to television sets, radios, light switches. Even though we don't understand electricity, we have become accustomed to using lights and other things that need electricity to function. We even accept energy emissions from billions of light years away that are obtained through our telescopes. Gravity, much misunderstood, is a force that attracts objects from a distance to the center. A polygraph machine is capable of sensing electrical changes at the skin level, which differentiate a relaxed state of the parasympathetic nervous system and the anxious state of the sympathetic nervous system to determine the stress in peoples' bodies in answer to specific questions.

This background is merely useful for opening up our minds to the concept of how much energy and frequencies and magnetics and electrical devices are influencing our lives today, that we take for granted, whether we understand them or not. In order for us to recognize the potential impact of energy and frequencies on the body, we'll start by understanding how individual cells function in our bodies. That will be in our next article. For now, let's recap the different energy tools and sources we've reviewed today:

In the medical field:

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

1.      Theta waves

2.      Alpha waves

3.      Beta waves

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Ultrasound

1.      PET scans

2.      SPECT scans

Auditory-evoked Response

Visual-evoked Response

Myogram

Oculogram

Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy (PEMF)

Lithotrypsy

Light Therapy

Acupuncture

Cold Laser Therapy

Hot Laser Therapy

Outside of the medical field:

Computer chips

Remote controls

Light travel visible through telescopes

Gravity

Polygraph machines

Cell phones

iPods

Internet

Telephone wires




It might be interesting to take a walk around your house or office and observe the number of devices that utilize energy from known and unknown sources! For more information, visit http://www.stangardnermd.com

Stan M. Gardner, M.D. is certified nutrition specialist (CNS). He writes and lectures extensively on the subject of preventive medicine and natural means of healing. With over 15 years experience in the integrative field of medicine, he is a popular speaker and provides interesting perspectives on healthy alternatives to drugs and surgery. For more information visit http://www.stangardnermd.com





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2012年3月6日 星期二

Diagnostic Tools For Lung Cancer Treatment


Lung cancer is diagnosed by several different methods and investigation is prompted as a result of routine x-rays, or investigation due to persistent coughing or coughing up blood. This obviously needs to be confirmed so a variety of diagnostic tools can be used.

Typically, diagnostic tools and procedures include:

CT Scan

PET Scan

Bronchoscopy

Needle Biopsy

Surgical biopsy

These tests may be used in isolation but usually they are applied in combination, including using all of them.

CT Scan

CT stands for Computed Tomography and uses x-rays to provide an anatomic detail of the patient. It is non-invasive and is risk-free and pain-free.

PET Scan

PET stands for Positron Emission Tomography and is a non-invasive diagnostic tool which looks at the metabolic activity which is occurring in the patient's body. Cancer is metabolically active and stands out amongst tissue which is less so. PET Scans are an excellent tool for determining whether the abnormality is cancerous (or malignant).

The procedure involves an injection of a glucose solution which is laced with a mildly radioactive tracer. The metabolically active cancer uses glucose to grow and takes it up so it is highlighted when we perform the scan. Typically, the results of the PET Scan are fused with those of the CT Scan to identify exactly where the metabolic activity is taking place within the lungs. As the lungs are primarily composed of air, this is metabolically inert so the tumor will immediately stand out, if indeed there is one. You should know that areas of the lungs which are inflamed or infected are also metabolically active, so a positive PET Scan does not mean you have lung cancer.

Bronchoscopy

This is a minimally invasive surgical procedure whereby a flexible fiber optic tool is passed down into the major airways. This involves passing a flexible tube down through either the nose of the mouth and then washings or biopsies can be taken for further analysis.

Needle Biopsy

Here a surgeon will use a CT Scan to direct them in the insertion of a needle into the abnormality's location within the lung. The needle is used to remove some of the tissue associated with the abnormality and is then subjected to further analysis to determine whether it is cancer and malignant.

Surgical Biopsy

When a tumor is in an inaccessible location or is perhaps, too small to allow a needle biopsy to take place, then a surgical biopsy is required. This involves an incision between two ribs and the removal of part of the lung tissue upon which the tumor is located. Once removed, the tissue is analyzed further at the pathology lab to determine its origin.

Post Diagnosis: "Staging"

Once a diagnosis of lung cancer has been confirmed the next step in the process is to determine what stage of the disease the patient has. Staging refers to how much cancer the patient has actually got and the location within their body of a tumor or tumors. By staging the cancer, your doctor is able to determine the most appropriate course of treatment depending on whether the tumor size (T), whether it has spread to the lymp nodes (N) and whether it has spread elsewhere within the body or metastasized (M).




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2012年3月1日 星期四

Tools Used by Radiology Students


There are many tools used by radiology students as they get their education, which are the same tools they will use when they finish school and begin working in the field. Students learn how to use these tools while they're in school, so they'll be ready to hit the ground running and operate every piece of machinery effectively when they start their first professional job. The following list includes all the most important tools used by radiology students:

1. Brachytherapy Apparatus: An applicator system used to deliver radiation therapy.

2. Contrast Media for X-rays: These tools are used to create high contrast images of the details of viscera which are being studied.

3. Computer Axial Tomography Scan (also known as a CT scan or CAT scan): This tool is used by medical professionals to create a visual image of the inside of a human body in horizontal slices.

4. Echocardiography Machine: Medical professionals perform heart sonography to understand its function and condition using this machine.

5. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging machine (also known as FMRI): A specialized MRI machine that scans the brain to detect changing neural activity.

6. Interventional Radiology: This machine is used to perform minimally invasive surgeries such as angioplasty under radiological imaging.

7. Linear Accelerator: Oncologists use linear accelerators for radiotherapy of cancer patients.

8. Magnetic Resonance Imaging machine (also known as MRI) or Nuclear Magnetic Resonance machine (also known as NMR): This high strength machine is used to excite protons for the purpose of recording results similar to a CT scan but with clearer images of particular tissues.

9. Positron Emission Tomography machine (also known as PET scan): Multiple rings within this machine record energy emission in the body to create an image.

10. Radio-Isotope Scan or Nuclear Scintigraphy: Radiographers administer these radioactive compounds which are taken up into specific tissues to produce scan results.

11. SPECT Scan: A nuclear imaging test to show blood flow to the body (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography)

12. Ultrasonography Machine: Radiographers use ultrasound machines to create images of the inside of patients' bodies

13. X-Ray Machine: X-ray machines create images of structures inside of patients' bodies to diagnose and treat illnesses.

The tools used by radiology students are the same tools used by the professionals. If you are planning on going into the field of radiology, you will need to understand how to use these tools and machines.

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