The Various Investigations and Examinations in Neurological Disorders II

There are lots of instrumental methods used in the investigations and examinations in Neurological disorders. Of the many are: the motor and sensory nerve conduction studies, Computed tomography (CT Scanning), Positron emission tomography (PET), Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Evoked potentials and Ultrasonography.

Motor and sensory nerve conduction studies

The speed of conduction in motor and sensory peripheral nerves can be calculated after suitable nerve stimulation and recording. This study is useful in the diagnosis of peripheral nerve especially when there is local compression.

Computed tomography (CT Scanning)

This is a non-invasive method which has obtained universal acceptance due to its safety and usefulness. Moreover, CT Scan can be repeated without much inonvenience to the patient and, therefore, the progress of lesions can be followed. The principle of the method is as follows. A bean of X-ray is passed through the tissue to be investigated. Part of the X-ray is absorbed by the tissue depending on its optical density, and the remainder comes out. Highly sensitive detectors pick up this emergent beam. The source of X-ray is rotated through 360 degrees and then a transectional image is produced by feeding the emergent beam into a computer. The resultant pucture gives details of the bony structures, brain, ventricles, and other soft tissues. It is easy to interpret the picture, space-occupying lesions, infarcts, aneurysms, Vascular malformations, subdural collections, etc. Can all be diagnosed with precision. Refinements of techniques enable the coronal or sagittal reconstruction of the pituitary (less than 1cm in diameter) can be identified. Using a whole body scanner, the vertebral canal and spinal cord can also be visualized.

Postron emission tomography

Substances such as radioactive fluorine, oxygen, rubidium, etc, are positron emitters. Positrons are positively charged electrons. When positrons collide, against electrons and annihilation takes place, two photons (or X-ray particles) fly out in opposite directions from this meeting point. The principle of PET is to give positron emitters systemically and the photos emitted by the organ under study are detected by an array of detectors. By computer techniques, the source and pattern of these photos can be reconstructed to give an image which lacks in anatomical details, but gives functional details. F-18-labelled deoxyfluorine is given to the subject and metabolic function of the brain such as glucose utilization can be studied. Metabolic alterations in tumors can be detected. Dynamic changes occurring in brain metabolism can be followed up by serial studies.

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